- Bartonella henselae(cat scratch disease)
- Berylliosis
- Churg-Strauss syndrome
- Crohn disease
- Francisella tularensis
- Fungal infections (e.g., histoplasmosis,
- blastomycosis)
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener)
- Listeria monocytogenes(granulomatosis
- infantiseptica)
- M. leprae(leprosy; Hansen disease)
- M. tuberculosis
- Treponema pallidum(tertiary syphilis)
- Sarcoidosis
- Schistosomiasis
Th1cells secrete γ-interferon, activating macrophages. TNF-αfrom macrophages
induce and maintain granuloma formation. Anti-TNF drugs can, as a side effect, cause
sequestering granulomas to breakdown, leading to disseminated disease. Always test for
latent TB before starting anti-TNF therapy.
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