-Excess air inside the lungs.
-Chronic infection.
-Chronic obstruction,due to excess mucus and inflammatory edema of bronchiolar epithelium.
-Difficult to expire,entrapment of air in the alveoli
and overstreching them
-Destruction of as much as 50% -80% Alveolar walls.
-Brochiolar obstruction increases airways resistance during expiration
-Loss of alveolar walls greatly decreases the diffusing capacity of the lungs to Oxygenate the blood and remove CO2 from the blood.
-Extremely abnormal ventilation--perfusion ratios.
-Loss of large portion of alveolar walls also decreases the number of pulmonary capillaries through which blood can pass as a result,the pulmonary vascular resistance often increases markedly, causing Pulmonary hypertension,this in turn overloads the right side of the heart and frequently causes right-sided Heart failure.
Chronic emphysema usually progress slowly over many years.
The person develops both Hypoxia and Hypercapnia because of Hypoventilation of many alveoli plus loss ofalveolar walls.the net result of all these effect is severe, prolonged devastating air hunger that can last for years until the hypoxia and hypercapnia cause death a high penalty to pay for smoking..
CONFLUENT ALVEOLI
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Special regards by
Dr.M M ADNAN
contact id:adnan_dani12@yahoo.com
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Every year, almost 8000 foreign students take admission in Philippines Medical universities and out of which around 50% are Indian students. The standard of education in Philippines universities is well known around the world. Thousands of doctors from these medical universities are sent to various countries like USA and UK every year. There are around 2299 higher educational institutions and 40 medical colleges. The main benefits of pursuing MD degree from
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Southwestern University Philippines is a prestigious and prominent medical university greatly contributing to the society as a school for driven learners and game-changers. Established in 1946, it creates an inclusive and supportive environment that provides vibrant moments exploring excellent opportunities, developing leadership, and demonstrating strong service by strengthening and reinforcing great learning attitudes among all its students. Southwestern University is a jewel among the outstanding medical institutes of Asia ranked top in-country and the entire world.
ReplyDeletePhilippines MBBS / MD course is valid all over the world and the country follows a US-based education system. Indians follow a UK based education system where 10+2 is the eligibility to enroll in medical courses. +2/ Intermediate should be with Biology, Physics, and Chemistry subjects and 5.5 years of MBBS course including final year internship. In the Philippines, as they follow US standards after their 10th they study 4 years of Pre-Medicine course and 4 years of Doctor of Medicine, including internship which is equivalent to Indian MBBS and recognized by WHO, NMC, ECFMG, and other global agencies.